I am very familiar with the US system. I was living in the States in the late 1990s when my first husband got sick and died. He was covered on my employer-paid health — I had the option of a HMO or Blue Cross. I chose the former, mostly because I was still quite young and healthy and BC/BS required premiums whereas the HMO was basically cost free for me. During the last year of hubby’s life he had multiple surgeries, was in the ICU several times and in the transplant ward for a time. With all of the tests, surgeries, etc., I literally never saw a bill (but knew from colleagues with Blue Cross that they had a lot of paperwork) except for one radiology bill that was mistakenly sent to me. Also $2 copays. I knew very much how lucky I was then, as I had also see my folks having to send crap in to Blue Cross for handling (they’re well into their 80s today).
The last hospital stay that I had here I had a copay of 10€ / night - for a while there was a copay each quarter when you went to your doctor’s office (not sure what numbskull decided that was a good idea, but even the doctors complained). And, of course, copays on (some) meds, dental work, etc. ut, of course, a lot of this all depends on the fact that everybody pays in.. This is what they were trying for with the Obamacare exchanges and it was beginning to pay off when IMPOTUS got “elected”…
The legal requirement for health coverage is that which allows people to retain their coverage — because, unlike in the States I do not have to go with the healthcare my employer selects, i.e., it is a personal decision like car insurance or personal banking.
Kurzarbeitgeld is different than Arbeitslosengeld. The former is for people who are “laid off” I.e., technically still employed, just working “shorter hours” (hence Kurzarbeit or “short work”), even if those hours are, for the time being, zero. It’s usually just transitory, and, again, the raising of the sum (Erhöherung) also part of the corona package. There’s an article about the changes in today’s Süddeutsche Zeitung, if you are Interested and can read German
But, yes, for many in the US it looks utopian because the system there is so damned broken.